Sports eligibility in atrial and ventricular septal defects: practical implications for Primary Care

Introduction: atrial and ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital heart diseases in the pediatric population. Recommendations regarding physical activity and sports participation in these patients often raise uncertainties in clinical practice, particularly in Primary Care, where initial guidance and referral decisions are made.

Development: this narrative review summarizes the available scientific evidence and international guidelines on sports eligibility in children and adolescents with atrial and ventricular septal defects. Different clinical scenarios are analyzed according to defect type, hemodynamic significance, associated complications, and post-surgical or percutaneous closure status. The benefits of regular physical activity, real versus perceived risks, and the importance of avoiding unnecessary restrictions are discussed.

Conclusions: most children and adolescents with atrial or ventricular septal defects without significant hemodynamic impairment can safely participate in physical activity and sports. Primary Care pediatricians play a key role in identifying warning signs, promoting safe physical activity, and coordinating care with pediatric cardiology. An individualized, evidence-based approach supports cardiovascular health and overall development in this population.