Cough, respiratory distress and hypoxemia in neonatal period. It is not always what it seems

Respiratory distress in the late neonatal period is a challenge for the pediatrician, not only in diagnosis but also in treatment, as the inherent factors of the child´s vulnerability must be added to the multiple possible etiologies. In practice, viral infections are responsible for a high percentage of these conditions. However, other etiologies such as cardiologic, digestive, metabolic or anatomical causes must be taken into account. We introduce a case report of a 17-day-old neonate with cough, respiratory distress and hypoxemia. The anamnesis, physical examination and clinical findings led to specific complementary tests. All these conduced to the diagnosis of pneumonia caused by Chlamydia. We also perform a review of the current state of the knowledge, based on the clinical condition presented on the neonate.